Science benefits from the rapid and open exchange of knowledge. However, there is a lack of appropriate community standards for data exchange between different institutions. In this article the authors discuss improvements for the exchange of extensive microbiome data.

The study shows that, of the approximately 2,500 lakes that had been scientifically investigated by 2020, around 50 per cent were located in North America, 21 per cent in Asia, and 16 per cent in Europe. In contrast, lakes in Africa, South America and Oceania have been much less researched.

The authors review how river “knots” associated with bifurcations, confluences, and obstructions, which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous reaches in a river network affect reach-scale processes including flow attenuation, enhanced vertical and lateral connectivity, and augmented solute retention and uptake. .