ET interacts with multiple hydrological processes: groundwater recharge, lateral flow and streamflow. The inter-linkages become increasingly complex in ET-dominated regions with intensive management. We showed how tracer-aided modelling captures ET dynamics and how trade-offs between discharge and other observations are reflected in simulated hydrological flux/storage patterns. 

The authors developed a parsimonious, tracer-aided forest management scenario framework using an ecohydrological model, which was designed to isolate the dominant vegetation-structural controls on long-term water partitioning. Evapotranspiration was highest under conifers, exceeding broadleaf forests and agroforestry by 7 % and 11 %. Agroforestry exhibited the greatest groundwater recharge. 

The authors used stable water isotopes to trace the origin of precipitation and are developing a new, isotope-based Evaporation and Moisture Recycling Index (iEMI). The iEMI can identify anomalous dry periods and links evaporation-driven precipitation to droughts in Europe, Africa, and Australia. This innovative index can help improve drought monitoring and optimize water management worldwide.